Otitis
otitis An INFLAMMATION of the EAR, typically the middle ear (otitis media) or the outer ear (otitis externa). Otitis can affect the inner ear (otitis interna), though more often doctors identify inner ear problems as LABYRINTHITIS and related conditions. The most common cause of otitis is INFECTION. Otitis media often follows a cold or other upper respiratory infection. Otitis can be acute (comes on suddenly) or chronic (lingers at a subclinical level or recurs).
Otitis Media
Otitis media is one of the most frequent reasons parents take their children to see the doctor. Young children are particularly susceptible to otitis media because the eustachian tubes are nearly horizontal until the child's facial structure begins to elongate at about age six or seven. The change in facial structure pulls the eustachian tubes into more angled positions. The purpose of the EUSTACHIAN TUBE is to maintain pressure equilibrium between the middle ear and the external environment. Inequities in pressure allow fluid to accumulate in the middle ear, which inflames the tissues and provides fertile ground for bacterial growth. The eustachian tubes in a child are also prone to becoming congested, which can feed fluid and BACTERIA into the middle ear.
Symptoms of otitis media are primarily PAIN and FEVER. Very young children often tug at the affected ear, are fussy and sleep fitfully, and may not want to nurse or bottle-feed. Older children can say that their ears hurt or may complain of HEADACHE. When there is a ruptured eardrum, there is usually pus-filled or blood-tinged drainage from the ear. Pain lessens when the eardrum gives way because this releases the pressure. It is not possible for a parent to determine whether a child has an ear infection; the doctor must examine the ear with an otoscope. The doctor looks for signs of effusion, the collection of fluid behind the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE (eardrum). When effusion is present, the preferred treatment is an oral antibiotic medication.
The American Academy of Pediatrics issued treatment guidelines in 2004 that emphasize selective use of ANTIBIOTIC MEDICATIONS for acute otitis media without effusion. Clinical research
studies have failed to conclusively demonstrate a more rapid rate of recovery with antibiotics when there is no effusion. The treatment guidelines reflect the growing concern among health-care providers that inappropriate antibiotic use is responsible for an alarming increase in the strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. The guidelines suggest
• focusing on pain relief by giving the child appropriate doses of ibuprofen or acetaminophen
• allowing 48 to 72 hours for the child's natural immune response to bring the infection and inflammation under control
• prescribing an antibiotic as the first line of treatment only in children under six months of age or who have a history of recurrent otitis media
• prescribing amoxicillin as the antibiotic of first choice unless there is a clinical reason (such as sensitivity or known resistance) to prescribe a different antibiotic
Acute otitis media generally clears up in 10 to 14 days. Chronic or recurrent otitis media may require a more extended course of antibiotic therapy or MYRINGOTOMY with placement of tympanos-tomy tubes. Adenoidectomy (surgery to remove the ADENOIDS) may be necessary when other measures fail to eradicate the infection. Many children experience temporary HEARING LOSS with otitis media. Repeated infections may cause permanent hearing damage.
Otitis Externa
A common name for otitis externa is swimmer's ear. Infections of the outer ear are most common in the summer months when water activities, especially outdoors, are prevalent. Otitis externa develops when water and bacteria become trapped in the auditory canal. Sometimes excessive CERUMEN production contributes to the situation. Treatment depends on the cause of the inflammation and irritation. Taking care to thoroughly dry the auditory canals after bathing, showering, or swimming can help prevent otitis externa.
See also ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; OTORRHEA.
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Otitis externa — Swimmer’s hearing -Dr Zoran Becvarovski – Saint George ENT Ear Nose Tonsils
Otitis press and antimicrobial options for medical experts
Otitis Externa Correct Part
Otitis Mass media: A Medical Book, Bibliography, As well as Annotated Research Guide To Web Recommendations
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This guide is a duplicate, produced from digital pictures of the original. It had been scanned at the University or college of Toronto Libraries and may even contain flaws, meters
This guide is a duplicate, produced from digital pictures of the original. It had been scanned at the University or college of Toronto Libraries and may even contain flaws, meters
